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In Part I of this book we have considered the several elements required in a description of adhesion. Now let us use these ideas to describe adhesion observations on nanoparticles, viruses and cells in different circumstances. At scales above 10 μm, where Brownian movement can be largely neglected, adhesion appears macroscopic, steady and static when viewed with the optical microscope. The...
As particles are smaller, towards the nanometer range, or when the gaps between surfaces approach the molecular level, it becomes necessary to consider not only the macroscopic i.e. average features of the adhesion, but also the Brownian movement and statistical nature of van der Waals bonding which is fluctuating and diffusing very significantly when viewed at the scale of atomic bonds.
In biological adhesion systems, a wide range of cell contact geometries has been found.1–3 Where cells such as pollen or fungal spores need to be dispersed, the surfaces tend to be covered by spikes which prevent intimate extended contact between the particles, allowing the van der Waals force to be reduced to a low value. When adhesion needs to be maximised, for example where flies cling to the ceiling...
This chapter provides an overview of the different measurement methods for studying adhesion phenomena. Cells, viruses, and nanoparticles have a typical length scale ranging from tens of micrometres down to several nanometres and usually reside in an aqueous solution that significantly decreases adhesion forces. The small length and force scales as well as the liquid environment pose distinct requirements...
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